The storyline is the conceptualisation of the core category. Birks et al. Theoretical coding occurs as the final culminating stage towards achieving a GT. As presented in Figure 1 , theoretical sensitivity encompasses the entire research process. Glaser and Strauss 5 initially described the term theoretical sensitivity in The Discovery of Grounded Theory.
Theoretical sensitivity is the ability to know when you identify a data segment that is important to your theory. Developing sensitivity as a grounded theorist and the application of theoretical sensitivity throughout the research process allows the analytical focus to be directed towards theory development and ultimately result in an integrated and abstract GT. The meticulous application of essential GT methods refines the analysis resulting in the generation of an integrated, comprehensive GT that explains a process relating to a particular phenomenon.
Procedural precision requires careful attention to maintaining a detailed audit trail, data management strategies and demonstrable procedural logic recorded using memos. An audit trail of decision-making, changes in the direction of the research and the rationale for decisions made are essential to ensure rigour in the final grounded theory.
This article offers a framework to assist novice researchers visualise the iterative processes that underpin a GT study. The fundamental process and methods used to generate an integrated grounded theory have been described. Novice researchers can adapt the framework presented to inform and guide the design of a GT study. This framework provides a useful guide to visualise the interplay between the methods and processes inherent in conducting GT.
Research conducted ethically and with meticulous attention to process will ensure quality research outcomes that have relevance at the practice level. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Jan 2. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Email: ua. Received Jul 30; Accepted Dec This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background: Grounded theory is a well-known methodology employed in many research studies. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a contemporary research framework suitable to inform a grounded theory study. Result: This article provides an overview of grounded theory illustrated through a graphic representation of the processes and methods employed in conducting research using this methodology.
Discussion: As grounded theory is not a linear process, the framework illustrates the interplay between the essential grounded theory methods and iterative and comparative actions involved. Conclusion: Rather than an engagement in philosophical discussion or a debate of the different genres that can be used in grounded theory, this article illustrates how a framework for a research study design can be used to guide and inform the novice nurse researcher undertaking a study using grounded theory.
Keywords: Framework, grounded theory, grounded theory methods, novice researcher, study design. Background History Glaser and Strauss are recognised as the founders of grounded theory. Genres: traditional, evolved and constructivist grounded theory Grounded theory has several distinct methodological genres: traditional GT associated with Glaser; evolved GT associated with Strauss, Corbin and Clarke; and constructivist GT associated with Charmaz.
Research process Before commencing any research study, the researcher must have a solid understanding of the research process. Results The following section provides insight into the process of undertaking a GT research study.
Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Constant comparative analysis Constant comparative analysis is an analytical process used in GT for coding and category development.
Coding Coding is an analytical process used to identify concepts, similarities and conceptual reoccurrences in data. Charmaz 10 posits, codes rely on interaction between researchers and their data. Table 1. Initial coding Initial coding of data is the preliminary step in GT data analysis. Theoretical sampling The purpose of theoretical sampling is to allow the researcher to follow leads in the data by sampling new participants or material that provides relevant information.
Box 1. Examples of theoretical sampling. In Edwards 36 grounded theory study, theoretical sampling led to the inclusion of the partners of women who had presented to the emergency department. This statement led me to ask other women during their interviews if they had similar experiences, and ultimately to interview the partners to gain their perspectives. Intermediate coding Intermediate coding, identifying a core category, theoretical data saturation, constant comparative analysis, theoretical sensitivity and memoing occur in the next phase of the GT process.
Box 2. Writing the storyline. To address the gaps the researcher iteratively returned to the data and to the field and refine the storyline. Theoretical sensitivity As presented in Figure 1 , theoretical sensitivity encompasses the entire research process.
Box 3. Theoretical sensitivity. Hoare et al. The grounded theory The meticulous application of essential GT methods refines the analysis resulting in the generation of an integrated, comprehensive GT that explains a process relating to a particular phenomenon. Conclusion This article offers a framework to assist novice researchers visualise the iterative processes that underpin a GT study. References 1. Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice.
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